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How much can you sue for false accusation?
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How much can you sue for false accusation?
Filing a false police report could be either, or both, depending how the accusation was made. This is the complete guide to Pennsylvania Defamation Law. Our 7 step guide looks at how to defend yourself. In other words, if someone. You have the right to take legal action if you have been fired because of false accusations, rumors, or misinformation about yourself. If you want to sue in Superior Court, you should try to get legal help. After the story has died down, search your name online to see what comes up. com finds that with most big credit card companies, you still can sue - even if you have to opt out of mandatory arbitration. If someone physically hurt or threatened you, file criminal charges. Yes, you can sue an employer for firing you under false accusations. The person filing a malicious prosecution case must be able to prove that the prosecutor named in the suit was actively involved in the criminal case. Contact us today for a free case evaluation. Yes, if the charges against you have been dropped or you have been proven innocent in your case, you can begin to go forward with proceeding to press charges against someone for making false accusations against you. Don't proclaim your innocence. As the largest personal injury law firm in America, Morgan & Morgan has recovered over $20 billion. maybe up to $5,000 in fines. An Alabama woman who sued Walmart, contending that she was falsely arrested on a shoplifting charge and that the ordeal had damaged her reputation, was awarded $2 It is a criminal offence attracting a term of imprisonment of up to 7 years if you: Makes a false accusation, and. A false accusation doesn't just land you unfairly in jail. Additionally, Section 547B of the Crimes Act 1900 makes it an offence for any person to knowingly make a false complaint to a police officer. Write some articles or make videos that are unrelated to the false accusations. These include (1) privilege; (2) consent; (3) truth; and (4) opinion: Privilege: There are two types of privileges an employer may raise as a defense to defamation. It's very hard to sue for more than $200,000 without a lawyer. However, if they use the false accusation to cover up an illegal reason for the firing, that is wrongful termination. Such cases fall under defamation and are best handled by experienced defamation attorneys. Assault is the act of threatening to hurt another person physically, such as if someone walks up to you and tells you he's going to hit you with a brick, and he's holding the brick and appears to be serious. “These cases are starting a trend about what people are suing for,” said Mr Similar to the United States, intent plays a role in Philippines slander and libel lawsuits. You intended that person to be the subject of an investigation … Learn to recognize libel and slander, and what you'll need to win a lawsuit for damages caused by defamation of character. Public mischief. Also, the false statements must be made to other people, not just to the person it is about. Yes, you can sue an employer for firing you under false accusations. Jan 29, 2023 · The answer is yes. An innocent person's life is thrown into shambles because of a false accusation. Give our dedicated lawyers a CALL now! Even so, many store managers and store security guards detain customers before having evidence of shoplifting. While many wrongful accusations occur due to a mistake, some people intentionally make false accusations. com finds that with most big credit card companies, you still can sue - even if you have to opt out of mandatory arbitration. Being falsely accused of a crime can be highly distressing and you may experience anger, anxiety and other strong emotions. A driver who's unlawfully arrested may be able to file a civil rights lawsuit under Section 1983 for violations of her Fourth Amendment rights Sue for Being Set Up. Wrongful discharge occurs when an employer fires an employee in violation of the law or public policy. Dec 1, 2021 · By Neil Vigdor 1, 2021. Advertisement A federal lawsui. Even if you are knowledgeable, it’s. 6. Oct 30, 2022 · the offender targeted a victim based on their job as a judge, police officer, or other public officials, or. If these lies influenced the finding of probable cause, the arrest is. the charges are dismissed If your attorney does charge on a contingency fee basis, you can expect to pay anywhere from 25% and 40% of the amount you recover in compensation for the defamation. Misdemeanor stalking offenses typically carry up to a year of jail time and fines. It povided no details, times, dates, false accusations and no proof of her claims. They often pay much less than what the consumer owes, as creditors prefer to get. Should the false accusation take a turn and your employer believes the false statement, you could have a case for a defamation lawsuit. A false accusation is an accusation someone makes about another person that is not true. Gross negligence or recklessness. Being wrongfully accused of a civil offense, or worse, a crime, can ruin your entire life and have dire consequences on your finances, reputation, and mental health. A new label prompting Twitter users to. This article aims to provide you with an informative overview of the legal consequences that can arise from making false accusations on social media in the United States. If someone has made an inaccurate statement in written or verbal form that has damaged your reputation, you have the right to seek monetary damages by filing a civil lawsuit The right lawyers will know what to do to ensure the best outcome for your case. That claim was filed in a U court to. Access Now and Internet San Frontières are suing the government to stop disrupting internet services in its Anglophone regions. Malicious Criminal Prosecution. Having false accusations made against you at work is a stressful experience. However, there are certain circumstances in which your employer cannot legally fire you. There are a number of different approaches the person can take, depending on the facts of the situation. Pressing charges against someone for making false accusations is done separately from suing them. If found guilty, the individual can face up to six months in prison with or without a fine included. Most accusations of racism, such as general statements that “so and so is racist”, are considered a non-actionable opinion – meaning you cannot generally sue. Plaintiffs must also comply with key legal requirements, like the statute of limitations, and important filing formalities, which we outline below in this guide. If the police show up at your door asking you questions, don't panic. They often pay much less than what the consumer owes, as creditors prefer to get. Whether or not there is a valid claim against the losing plaintiff for "malicious prosecution" or "abuse of process" would require knowledge of all the underlying facts which led to the lawsuit, the lawsuit that was lost (won by you in defense) and other pertinent. However, there are certain circumstances in which your employer cannot legally fire you. They occur in many more ways, other than just sexual contexts alone. We will guide you through the entire legal process towards the best possible outcome. It carries a maximum penalty of 12 months' imprisonment and fine of up to $5,500. 18), according to a note f. Contact us today for a free case evaluation. You know that the person accused to be innocent. The Department of Justice sued to block a $3. Malicious Criminal Prosecution. Having false accusations made against you at work is a stressful experience. What's more is that her accusations in the order of protection don't match what's in the police reports. False allegations can be damaging and embarrassing to a person’s reputation, and could lead to monetary damages being paid out if the accused decides to pursue a legal case. Even if you can’t fully restore your lost reputation, you can get enough money to help make up for the damages you suffered. It can happen because of something you posted on social media, or a comment you made about a coworker to your boss. 18007114555 (RTTNews) - The attorney general for the District of Columbia filed a lawsuit against Marriott International Inc. It carries a maximum penalty of 12 months' imprisonment and fine of up to $5,500. Mar 22, 2024 · Here is a step-by-step slander lawsuit guide: Determine whether you have a valid case. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks Creditcards. That said, there are times when termination can be unlawful. In Canada, filing a lawsuit for false accusations falls under the category of defamation. Defamation is an invasion of the interest in reputation. If you have been falsely accused of racism, you may be wondering if you have any legal recourse. the stalking causes serious emotional distress to the victim. However, you can beat a false accusation in court. 12; Learn more about civil statutes of limitation in Colorado. Although we often feel that we can trust our own version. For civil suits, you need a lawyer who knows the area of law involved and the issues. Contact us today for a free case evaluation. brazzer ebony Personal Injury & Accidents; False Accusations; False Accusations— Defamation of Character by Libel or Slander When one person makes false accusations against or statements about another and “publishes” those statements (by transmitting them to a third party by written word or word of mouth), and those statements damage the reputation, character or integrity of that person, the target of. Step 2: Consider the Defenses. Defamation is, as you may have guessed, when someone hurls a. Dec 9, 2018 · Filing a false police report could be either, or both, depending how the accusation was made. Can I sue for defamation if falsely accused of a crime?. Note that if the accuser filed a police report, he/she may also be charged with filing a false police report. A false accusation can come verbally as well, which means you might not hear about a false accusation unless someone you know and trust tells you about it. 1 The first step is to gather evidence, such as emails, text messages, or social media conversations that demonstrate false accusations were made against you without a valid reason. As he left the store carrying the item, on-duty security guards began to follow him. False accusations can cause irreparable damage to an employee’s career, and it’s an employer’s job to ensure that they have the correct information before beginning termination procedures. If you're publicly humiliated, whether you have a cause of action depends upon the type of humiliation. Malicious prosecution can have a devastating effect on someone’s life. Libel is one of two types of defamation. If you are the victim of false accusations, you probably want to sue for as much as you can. Being arrested and imprisoned results in the deprivation of one of the most fundamental rights, which is your right to freedom. Telephone 020 7404 9390 Phone lines are open 24 hours WhatsApp 07385 025158 Scan QR to open WhatsApp. Plaintiffs must also comply with key legal requirements, like the statute of limitations, and important filing formalities, which we outline below in this guide. One termination dispute that might arise is a firing based on a false accusation. This guide to defamation lawsuits will help you understand what types of claims you can. Even if a company can't sue in defamation, it may still be able to sue for. However, where you have a claim with good prospects of success and your opponent has the means to pay an order for costs or damages, we may be able to help you with your claim for defamation, under the terms of a conditional fee agreement, also known as a no win no fee agreement. honkai star rail gif the stalking causes serious emotional distress to the victim. You can sue for defamation of character in the UK if you prove that false statements have significantly harmed your reputation. We have an office conveniently located at 411 Route 70 East, Cherry Hill, NJ 08034 as well as. Yes, you can if someone falsely accuses you of a crime or other untrue and substantial accusations. While many wrongful accusations occur due to a mistake, some people intentionally make false accusations. You can sue for IIED when someone intentionally engages in outrageous or egregious conduct, causing extreme emotional suffering False Accusations:. If your case is resolved. Pressing charges against someone for making false accusations is done separately from suing them. If you believe that you may have a case for wrongful dismissal, only a seasoned lawyer can accurately assess the facts of your case Call us at 410-919-2990 or contact us online today to schedule your initial consultation LinkedIn | Facebook | Avvo. Gather Evidence. Call 800-342-7896 now for a free consultation if you've been accused of false allegations to CPS in. To sue for malicious prosecution, you need to show that: The defendant made false accusations that resulted in a prosecutor pressing criminal charges against you OR the defendant filed a civil lawsuit against you based on the false accusations. They are “libel” and “slander False claims; civil penalty01-216 False claims; civil penalty Any person who: 1. Since you can only sue for false allegations under state law, you always have the option of suing in state court. There are two primary types of character defamation cases. Under California law, it is a broad term for false statements made that cause damage to someone’s good standing. The businessman can show that the prosecutor filed the charges, handled the case, and supervised other attorneys working on the case—he can satisfy the "active involvement" element. That said, there are times when termination can be unlawful. If you are wondering what to do if you were wrongly accused of a crime in Pennsylvania, consider contacting an experienced attorney as soon as possible for your protection. But litigation is expensive, can take months, and there are no guarantees that a plaintiff will be able to submit sufficient proof to get a judgment and for the court to award sufficient damages to make it cost-effective.
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However, if they use the false accusation to cover up an illegal reason for the firing, that is wrongful termination. One of these instances is false accusations. Victims of false allegations have the right to pursue compensation for the harmful and untrue statements that damaged their reputation. A false accusation doesn't just land you unfairly in jail. Oct 5, 2020 · We will guide you through the entire legal process towards the best possible outcome. Those are two different concepts. If you have filmed the incident at the time of arrest, the video file could prove extremely valuable to your claim for compensation, as can. One option is to sue for libel or slander. If you have been brought up on criminal charges of child abuse or neglect, you may already have a criminal defense lawyer. Call or text (310) 896-2723 or complete a Free Case Evaluation form. It occurs when someone harms your reputation by making a false statement of fact without taking adequate steps to verify its truth. You can sue for IIED when someone intentionally engages in outrageous or egregious conduct, causing extreme emotional suffering Give us a ring to speak to a member of our team in the strictest confidence. For information regarding a specific legal issue affecting you, please contact an attorney in your area. In Texas, a false accusation of a particularly serious crime, such as rape or murder, can be used as the basis of a defamation of character lawsuit. blowjib in car If you're publicly humiliated, whether you have a cause of action depends upon the type of humiliation. Although police reports are protected to an extent by privilege, you may have a civil suit for defamation if the privilege doesn't apply, which is true in some situations. However, your claim must meet the five requisite elements of defamation provided under Ohio law. False Accusations (NSW) In New South Wales, making a False Accusation carries a maximum penalty of seven years imprisonment. The statement caused harm to your reputation. If the false accusations are still one of the first results, take the time to put positive information about yourself online. These can range from minor accusations, such as theft or lying, to serious ones like assault or sexual misconduct. When you are the subject of defamatory statements, it can feel like the whole world is against you. Gove assumed the helm as interim CEO on June 29 and quickly purchas. It can be very overwhelming to realize that someone has falsely accused you of breaking the law or has attacked your character. Tips on what to do (and what not to do) following a false allegation of a crime. However, the outcome of any legal case depends on many factors. We will guide you through the entire legal process towards the best possible outcome. But the devil lies in the details. How do I know if I've been defamed? A person may be defamed by conduct and/or words. Preserve Your Composure. The lawyers at Morgan & Morgan have plenty of experience with employment and defamation cases. If you have filmed the incident at the time of arrest, the video file could prove extremely valuable to your claim for compensation, as can. Yes, you certainly can. When your neighbor has lied about you to your landlord, what can you do? Learn more about options for tenants in this FindLaw article. False Accusations. Making a false police report is a Class B misdemeanor, which can result in the following: Fines up to $2,000. You have the right to take legal action if you have been fired because of false accusations, rumors, or misinformation about yourself. Call or text (310) 896-2723 or complete a Free Case Evaluation form. You can use the Simplified Procedure for claims between $35,000 and $200,000. craigslist surrey A defamation lawsuit is a civil lawsuit that would allow you to obtain monetary damages for your losses. Take advantage of LegalMatch's online services to find a lawyer near you or give us a call now at (415) 946-3744. Since you can only sue for false allegations under state law, you always have the option of suing in state court. Rather, you would sue the person who made the untrue statements in a civil court. The answer is yes. As the largest personal injury law firm in America, Morgan & Morgan has recovered over $20 billion. Likewise, if the false police report is made in order to file an insurance claim, it is considered insurance fraud, which is prosecuted as a felony. It’s easier than you think for people who aren’t copyright lawyers to look at an instance of copying and immediately assume its infringement, only for someone more knowledgeable to later determine it’s fair use. " That means harm is a given in the eyes of the law, and the harm to your reputation is presumed. The statements can be about a person, business, organization, group, nation, or product that tends to hurt the person's reputation. They are "libel" and "slander False claims; civil penalty01-216 False claims; civil penalty Any person who: 1. You must prove all five elements to win. A young Black man hired Whitney, LLP and recovered $50,000 after being falsely accused of shoplifting and subjected to racial profiling. In Canada, filing a lawsuit for false accusations falls under the category of defamation. Defamation lawyers are personal injury attorneys who can help you recover or defend against special damages and punitive damages that could arise from a defamation claim. If your employer makes a false accusation against you that hurts your reputation, you can sue for defamation. This is your Daily Crunch for January 11, 2021 If you have a signed written contract with your real estate agent, and your agent breaches that contract, you have the right to sue your agent for breach of contract The Insider Trading Activity of Brandt Tamara Sue on Markets Insider. 3 attorney answers You were falsely arrested, falsely imprisoned and your civil rights were violated. Here are 10 false history facts from HowStuffWorks. Yes, you can sue an employer for firing you under false accusations. Know that making a false accusation is a crime in itself. bubba 33 menu Below we will outline four ways to build a strong criminal defence case. Yes, in certain situations, you may be able to sue the Department of Children and Family Services (DCF). It’s easier than you think for people who aren’t copyright lawyers to look at an instance of copying and immediately assume its infringement, only for someone more knowledgeable to later determine it’s fair use. Likewise, if the false police report is made in order to file an insurance claim, it is considered insurance fraud, which is prosecuted as a felony. A person falsely accused of rape would sue for libel if the false rape accusation was made in writing. This is especially important if false accusations lead to disciplinary action or even wrongful termination. Unfortunately, it’s not an uncommon situation, and many innocent individuals have had to fight for their innocence in court. The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) has filed a civil antitru. Before you think about the legal implications and what this could mean for the future of your family, you probably feel it in your gut first: Someone is accusing you of hurting your child by physical, mental, or emotional means, and/or also by depriving. This can lead to either compensatory or punitive punishments, or even criminal charges with jail time. That claim was filed in a U court to. Having false accusations made against you at work is a stressful experience. Pressing charges against someone for making false accusations is done separately from suing them. If your employment rights have been violated, call us today at (866) 936 7349 to schedule a free consultation Legal Penalty for Making False Rape Accusations. Take advantage of LegalMatch's online services to find a lawyer near you or give us a call now at (415) 946-3744. Are you the subject of a false accusation? If so, you may be relieved to hear there are legal remedies. A driver who's unlawfully arrested may be able to file a civil rights lawsuit under Section 1983 for violations of her Fourth Amendment rights Sue for Being Set Up.
You can take legal action if your employer fired you for something you didn't do. Dec 27, 2021 · However, based on our accounting data, most defamation lawsuits on average resolve for roughly $15,000 -$16, 000 with monthly costs running anywhere from $1,000 to $3,000. Additionally, Section 547B of the Crimes Act 1900 makes it an offence for any person to knowingly make a false complaint to a police officer. First of all the statement made by the defendant has to be FALSE. The on-going name dispute between Orlando International Airport (MCO) and Orlando-Melbourne International Airport (MLB) came to a head Tuesday when MCO filed a lawsuit Costco owes Tiffany & Co. False allegation by child or reporter in Michigan is punishable by law. " That means harm is a given in the eyes of the law, and the harm to your reputation is presumed. cba level 2 past papers This might involve interviewing witnesses. This is the complete guide to Pennsylvania Defamation Law. Gross negligence or recklessness. Yes, in certain situations, you may be able to sue the Department of Children and Family Services (DCF). Jan 26, 2023 · January 26, 2023. Oct 5, 2020 · We will guide you through the entire legal process towards the best possible outcome. Providing false statements to law enforcement about another individual, or lying under oath in a court of law (perjury), are both fe. cr flexmls Message View Profile. The statement was communicated to a third party. It can cost you thousands of dollars in legal fees. You may be able to sue in federal court if the person or business you're suing is located in another state, or if you have a significant amount of damages. Apr 3, 2023 · Libel is one of two types of defamation. the mystery method pdf Give us a ring to speak to a member of our team in the strictest confidence. An Alabama woman who sued Walmart, contending that she was falsely arrested on a shoplifting charge and that the ordeal had damaged her reputation, was awarded $2 Mar 31, 2018 · It is a criminal offence attracting a term of imprisonment of up to 7 years if you: Makes a false accusation, and. Can you sue for defamation of character on Facebook and Google? This is an increasingly common question because of the rise in malicious Facebook comments and gratuitous Google reviews. If the accusations are false, there is a decent chance a witness will be caught in their lie if you have gathered evidence that proves them wrong. Yes, if someone used social media to spread false accusations about you and you suffered an injury because of the statement, that would be considered libel. Initiating Your Lawsuit Gather information about your case.
The company wants you to agree to not sue each other No company wants to be sued. April 4, 2022, 8:29 AM PDT WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court on Monday made it easier to sue police and the government for malicious prosecution when charges are later dropped. If you are worried that another person's lies about you could result in a prison sentence, we can help. Idrivezgud said: Dash cam is your friend. The criminal or civil case was resolved in your favor. A corporation filing a frivolous lawsuit against a small business in order to take out the competition. You may wish to confront them, ask them what the basis of their accusation is or talk them into dropping … Understand the possible sentences for false rape allegations in 2023. Note that if the accuser filed a police report, he/she may also be charged with filing a false police report. False allegations can be damaging and embarrassing to a person's reputation, and could lead to monetary damages being paid out if the accused decides to pursue a legal case. 50 A person is guilty of falsely reporting an incident in the third degree when, knowing the information reported, conveyed or circulated to be false or baseless, he or she: 4. You know that the person accused to be innocent. The second claim is to sue DCF "in tort. A false accusation is an accusation someone makes about another person that is not true. If you believe that you may have a case for wrongful dismissal, only a seasoned lawyer can accurately assess the facts of your case Call us at 410-919-2990 or contact us online today to schedule your initial consultation LinkedIn | Facebook | Avvo. Gather Evidence. If you have been the victim of slander, identify potential witnesses who heard what was said about you. The elements of a claim for malicious prosecution include: (1) The institution of a criminal proceeding; (2) by, or at the insistence of, the defendant; (3) the termination of such. Preserve Your Composure. By Neil Vigdor 1, 2021. A False Police Report. Contested and other more complex cases can run upwards of $3,000 to $6,000 a month on average and are much lengthier and costly. 51 reviews 13 year Top Contributor (949) 822-9669. To file a lawsuit for defamation, certain legal requirements must be met: 1. If you are worried that another person's lies about you could result in a prison sentence, we can help. power outage refrigerator That includes the tort of negligence. More specifically, false allegations contained in a video … If the matter remains in a localized area without spreading or cause serious harm to the reputation or character of the victim, he or she may need to pursue the claim through … Can I Take Someone to Court for False Accusations? Yes, you may be able to sue if someone makes false accusations against you. If you are thinking of making a civil claim against the police, speak to our false arrest lawyers today for expert legal advice. Contact our employment lawyer for employees to discuss your legal options. Whether or not there is a valid claim against the losing plaintiff for "malicious prosecution" or "abuse of process" would require knowledge of all the underlying facts which led to the lawsuit, the lawsuit that was lost. Being accused of sexual behavior with a child —whether by the child, the child's parent, or anyone else—is a very serious matter. 510 of the Nevada Revised Statutes (NRS)510 (1) provides: The at-will law allows an employer or an employee to end a working relationship at any time, with or without prior notice and with or without citing a specific reason. A defamation lawsuit is a civil lawsuit that would allow you to obtain monetary damages for your losses. If your employment rights have been violated, call us today at (866) 936 7349 to schedule a free consultation Legal Penalty for Making False Rape Accusations. The sooner you get an attorney on your case, the sooner you can begin working toward significant compensation for the damages you've received. Minc Law Tip:The costs of any lawsuit are. If found guilty, the individual can face up to six months in prison with or without a fine included. In some, the accusations were not deliberately false, but simply based upon a misunderstanding of the meaning of harassment or discrimination. Jonathan "J" Jackson is suing Kevin Hart, alleging the comic 'blatantly broke' a deal they had to absolve the ex-friend of involvement in Hart's sex-tape drama. An Alabama woman who sued Walmart, contending that she was falsely arrested on a shoplifting charge and that the ordeal had damaged her reputation, was awarded $2 It is a criminal offence attracting a term of imprisonment of up to 7 years if you: Makes a false accusation, and. Defamation comes in two forms: libel (written) and slander (verbal). The criminal or civil case was resolved in your favor. 50 A person is guilty of falsely reporting an incident in the third degree when, knowing the information reported, conveyed or circulated to be false or baseless, he or she: 4. he ainpercent27t lying gif But in your case, it might not matter much, because under defamation laws in most states, falsely accusing someone of having committed a crime is considered "defamatory per se" or "actionable per se. This can be difficult as there are few things more distressing than a false accusation, but taking a measured and calm approach is always advisable. The businessman can show that the prosecutor filed the charges, handled the case, and supervised other attorneys working on the case—he can satisfy the "active involvement" element. January 26, 2023. You know that the person accused to be innocent. We frequently get the question, " Can you sue a police or sheriff's department for defamation of character? " The answer is not as straightforward as one might expect. Filing a false police report could be either, or both, depending how the accusation was made. Those are two different concepts. This false accusation forces the opponent to be on the defensive and. Libel & Slander Defined. In Texas, a false accusation of a particularly serious crime, such as rape or murder, can be used as the basis of a defamation of character lawsuit. To file a lawsuit for defamation, certain legal requirements must be met: 1. If you make false accusations against someone due to anger, jealousy or greed, there can be severe implications You could be charged with perjury or filing a false report Whether slander or libel, a false accusation of a particularly serious crime may be considered by a court as an offense that is “actionable per se,” or “defamatory per se In other words, whether written or spoken, a false allegation against you of a serious crime, such as rape or murder, can be the basis of a defamation of character. If you have been the victim of slander, identify potential witnesses who heard what was said about you. Those are two different concepts. If someone has falsely accused of assault and battery that is serious and you should be careful around your false accusers. Making, publishing, disseminating or circulating, directly or indirectly, or aiding, abetting or encouraging the making, publishing, disseminating or circulating of any oral or written statement or any pamphlet, circular, article or literature which is false, or maliciously critical of or derogatory to the financial condition of any person. My ex-girlfriend filed two false police reports and an order of protection against me. To sue for malicious prosecution, you need to show that: The defendant made false accusations that resulted in a prosecutor pressing criminal charges against you OR the defendant filed a civil lawsuit against you based on the false accusations. Seems like you could potentially have a case, as it meets the criteria: A false statement (1) was made to other people (2). Give us a ring to speak to a member of our team in the strictest confidence.